[137], According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly AD 300[138] and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the Society Islands, Samoa and Tonga. The Hawaii Board of Education requires all eligible students to take these tests and report all student test scores. [43] Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. [83][86][87][88], In 1993, the US Congress passed a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President Bill Clinton. Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects. King Kalākaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. He was the third Hawaii-born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party, the first presidential nominee and first president from Hawaii. Hawaii is the only state that was once a royal kingdom. As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. [citation needed] Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua, the spirit of an ancestor or family god and Kāne, the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities. "[f] The term da kine is used as a filler; a substitute for virtually any word or phrase. United States Government Minister John L. Stevens, responding to a request from the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. They were not approved by the then-current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate—by then replaced by the Meiji Restoration. [25] Diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949,[26] predates the use of the ʻokina ⟨ʻ⟩ and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. Jones Act-compliant vessels are often more expensive to build and operate than foreign equivalents, which can drive up shipping costs. The first Japanese current-government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885, after Kalākaua's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881. [89] The U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty. [208], The Hawaii Superferry operated between Oʻahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009, with additional routes planned for other islands. [citation needed]. These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands. British explorer James Cook was the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago in 1778; early British influence is reflected in the design of the state flag. State of Hawaii. [24] The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. [159] Journals written by Captain Cook's crew record that many aliʻi (hereditary nobles) also engaged in aikāne relationships, and Kamehameha the Great, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii, was also known to participate. [128][129], Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations. The Hawaiian archipelago is located 2,000 mi (3,200 km) southwest of the contiguous United States. [citation needed], Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowel sounds. Map of Lanai. Honolulu International Airport (IATA: HNL), which shares runways with the adjacent Hickam Field (IATA: HIK), is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawaii. [citation needed], Hawaiʻi is one of two states that were widely recognized independent nations prior to joining the United States. [194] Honolulu hosts the state's long-running LGBT film festival, the Rainbow Film Festival. Department of Taxation . A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that it was named for Hawaiʻiloa, a legendary figure from Hawaiian myth.