arms control treaties

The ratification process, however, would be complicated by many factors and drag on into the next millennium. The Geneva Protocol[7] has lasted longer and been more successful at being respected, but still nations have violated it at will when they have felt the need. Open Skies and Ex-Soviet Republics Disarm. The 1925 Geneva Conference led to the banning of chemical weapons (as toxic gases) during war as part of the Geneva Protocol. After political upheaval in the former Soviet Republic drives the pro-Russia president from office, Russian security forces invade Crimea, an ethnic Russian–majority region of Ukraine. This page was last edited on 30 August 2021, at 10:29. This was seen with the Washington Naval Treaty[4] (and the subsequent London Naval Treaty[5]), where most participants sought to work around the limitations, some more legitimately than others. The following year, East and West Germany reunify as one state that retains its NATO membership. U.S. President John F. Kennedy prepares to sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union in 1963. Enforcement has been haphazard, with measures more a matter of politics than adherence to the terms. The so-called Mike test completely destroyed the tiny island of Elugelab. This panel discussion examined the fundamental elements of good decision-making and governance in the context of disarmament and arms control treaties, discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected these processes, and explore the implications for the future. In May, President Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin sign the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT), also known as the Moscow Treaty, agreeing to significantly cut the number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads within ten years. During another U.S. test in 1954, known as Castle Bravo, scientists badly miscalculate the yield, creating a radioactive fallout that harms many Marshall Islands inhabitants. It aims at mutual security between partners and overall stability (be it in a crisis situation, a grand strategy, or stability to put an end to an arms race). This meant sanctions and other measures tended to be advocated against violators primarily by their natural political enemies, while violations have been ignored or given only token measures by their political allies. The nonnuclear signatories pledge to forgo the acquisition of nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is established in Vienna as a forum for international cooperation on civilian nuclear research. The U.S. government provides billions of dollars to fund the denuclearization process through its Cooperative Threat Reduction program. Days before the 2011 treaty is set to expire, the United States and Russia agree to extend New START for another five years, keeping verifiable limits on their arsenals of long-range nuclear weapons. The U.S. withdrawal, which takes effect in August 2019, is supported by NATO allies and comes amid a series of disputes with Russia over Ukraine, Syria, and interference in U.S. elections. It also promotes disarmament efforts in the area of conventional weapons, especially landmines and small arms, which are often the weapons of choice in contemporary conflicts. Reagan’s ‘Evil Empire’ and ‘Star Wars’ Speeches. After years of on-again, off-again negotiations, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States agree to ban nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, outer space, and under water, and to significantly restrict underground testing. After a thirteen-day standoff between the superpowers, which includes a U.S. naval quarantine of Cuba, the Soviet Union agrees to withdraw its missiles. Support New America — We are dedicated to renewing the promise of America by continuing the quest to realize our nation's highest ideals, honestly confronting the challenges caused by rapid technological and social change, and seizing the opportunities those changes create. [19] The United States proposed the Baruch Plan in 1946 as a way to impose stringent international control over the nuclear fuel cycle and thereby avert a global nuclear arms race, but the Soviet Union rejected the proposal and negotiations failed. [citation needed], In addition to treaties focused primarily on stopping the proliferation of nuclear weapons, there has been a recent movement to regulate the sale and trading of conventional weapons. A Pershing II test missile lifts off from Fort Bliss, Texas, in 1983. This triad makes the updated Second Edition of Arms Control: The New Guide to Negotiations and Agreements a must for all concerned with international security in general and arms control in particular′ - Curt Gasteyger, Graduate Institute ... Its goal is to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and the strengthening of the disarmament regimes in respect to other weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological weapons. The weapons handover is completed by the end of 1996. The Soviets’ rapid technical achievements startle U.S. leaders, raising the specter of a first strike and the militarization of space. Soviet concerns are heightened as the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) begin to deploy the Pershing II missile system in Western Europe. For years, the United States had claimed that Russia tested and deployed a cruise missile prohibited by the treaty, an allegation Moscow denied. Détente and Arms Control, 1969–1979; The South Asia Crisis and the Founding of Bangladesh, 1971; Nixon and the End of the Bretton Woods System, 1971–1973; Strategic Arms Limitations Talks/Treaty (SALT) I and II; Rapprochement with China, 1972; The 1973 Arab-Israeli War; Oil Embargo, 1973–1974; Ending the Vietnam War, 1969–1973 This is the first international agreement limiting the use of chemical weapons, in this case, poison bullets. This book focuses instead on the central role that intelligence-collection systems play in promoting arms control and disarmament. Follow us on Twitter and Interact live with other members interested in the Arms Trade Treaty. A mushroom cloud rises over Enewetak, an atoll in the Pacific Ocean, during the first test of a hydrogen bomb. Arms Control Efforts Fail. The 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed to prevent further spread of nuclear weapons technology to countries outside the five that already possessed them: the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and China.[20]. Over the decades, the two sides signed various arms control agreements as a means to manage their rivalry and limit the risk of nuclear war. After multiple drafts, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States sign the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) on July 1, 1968, agreeing to pursue general disarmament. This book provides an overview of the treaties, agreements and control regimes currently in place and relating to co-operative arms control and non-proliferation. In this work, an expert on biological weapons offers a thoughtful examination of the political and technical issues that have affected the implementation of arms control agreements from the 1960s to the present. [15] This was followed by the 1871 Treaty of Washington which led to total demilitarization. Building on caveats worked into past arms control agreements, the United States and Russia propose the creation of an early-warning, pre-launch notification system that would reduce the risk of an inadvertent missile launch. In April, Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev sign a new strategic arms reduction agreement in Prague, replacing the first START treaty, which expired in 2009. The United States and Russian sign START II, which aims to limit the number of strategic nuclear weapons that the parties can hold to 3,500, respectively. Cold War tensions nearly spill over into a nuclear conflict when, in October, U.S. reconnaissance flights reveal the Soviets constructing secret missile bases in Cuba. The Soviet Union conducts the world’s first successful test of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), seen as capable of striking U.S. territory, in October 1957. The two sides forge a pair of groundbreaking agreements in 1972: the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty limits the countries’ deployment of missile defense systems to their national capital and one ICBM site, and SALT I, which restricts their number of nuclear missile silos and submarine-launched missile tubes for a five-year period. Pre-eminent among these organizations is the Arms Control Association, founded in 1971 to promote public understanding of and support for arms control. [17] However the enforcement of this policy was not effective. A U.S. Air Force member takes aerial photographs while flying an observation mission. A photograph of the Soviet satellite Sputnik I. The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, whilst ineffective, attempted for "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy". The Office of the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security leads the interagency policy process on nonproliferation and manages global U.S. security policy, principally in the areas of nonproliferation, arms control, regional security and defense relations, and arms transfers and security assistance. A U.S. plan to place antimissile interceptors in the Czech Republic and Poland irks Moscow, which regards the shield as a threat to its strategic nuclear deterrent. There were few recorded attempts to control arms during the period between this and the rise of the Roman Catholic Church. In October 1986, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and Reagan hold an extraordinary short-notice meeting in Iceland, where the two leaders nearly agree to abolish their offensive nuclear weapons within ten years. (SORT takes effect the following year after congressional approval.) This is for two major reasons. Critics say that the SDI, if technologically viable, would run afoul of the ABM treaty. These are the following: The intergovernmental organizations for arms control are the following: There are also numerous non-governmental organizations that promote a global reduction in nuclear arms and offer research and analysis about U.S. nuclear weapons policy. The United States also supports Ukraine with military aid. Rulings specified how war could be waged, and breaches of this could be punished by fines or by war. This Chaillot Paper suggests that the EU can prevent the deepening of such divisions and mitigate global polarisation in order to promote a successful outcome of the upcoming Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign a joint declaration detailing future reductions in nuclear forces. On June 21, 1973, U.S. President Richard Nixon and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev pledge to permanently limit their countries’ offensive nuclear arsenals. Others include: Term for restrictions and regulations upon the development, storage, proliferation and usage of conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction, Not to be confused with a nation's or state's internal firearms regulations, called, List of treaties and conventions related to arms control, Council on Foreign Relations: Global Governance Monitor on Nonproliferation, available at, The last naval conference treaty was to expire, The largest producers of anti-personnel land mines, China, Russia and the United States, have not adhered to the, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, Organisation for the Prohibition of Biological Weapons, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, List of weapons of mass destruction treaties, "CONFERENCE ON THE LIMITATION OF ARMAMENT, WASHINGTON, NOVEMBER 12 1921-FEBRUARY 6, 1922", "INTERNATIONAL TREATY FOR THE LIMITATION AND REDUCTION OF NAVAL ARMAMENT", "Naval Treaties: Born of the Second London Naval Treaty:A concise investigation of the qualitative limitations of capital ships 1936 – 1941", "Chemical and Biological Weapons Status at a Glance", "Compliance mechanisms for disarmament treaties", Comprehensive Nuclear Ban Treaty: Background and Current Developments, "Fukushima: Another reason to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty", "Mortality associated with use of weapons in armed conflicts, wartime atrocities, and civilian mass shootings", "British-American Diplomacy Exchange of Notes Relative to Naval Forces on the American Lakes", "Declaration (XIV) Prohibiting the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons. Rockets fired into Israel from Gaza by Palestinian armed groups are reported to have killed 12 people. As of December 2014, the United Nations is preparing for entry into force of the Arms Trade Treaty, which has been ratified by 89 nations. Russian military officials peer into an opened silo of an intercontinental ballistic Topol-M missile at an undisclosed location. In exchange, the United States publicly pledges not to invade Cuba and, confidentially, agrees to pull its nuclear missiles out of Turkey. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announces that the United States will withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. The documents included in this volume are all in the public domain and are collected here as a reference or text for use in arms control or security-related courses. China and France do not join until 1992. One of the first recorded attempts in arms control was a set of rules laid down in ancient Greece by the Amphictyonic Leagues. "Why did the League of Nations fail?.". However, deep fissures have reemerged in the U.S.-Russia relationship in recent years, raising once again the specter of a nuclear arms race. The agreement is a success as both sides, which each had more than ten thousand deployed warheads in 1990, pledge to reduce their arsenals to well below six thousand by 2009. Particularly important is a determination of what level of uncertainty threatens the calculation of stability. At present, that level is well within the capabilities of the existing verification systems. The late 1960s and early 1970s see a general thawing of U.S.-Soviet relations, ushering in a hopeful era of nuclear arms control, which becomes most apparent in the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, or SALT. U.S. President Reagan with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at Hofdi House during the Reykjavik Summit in Iceland. Thanks for your patience as we transition, and please keep coming back to see the changes. A high-speed “hotline” connecting the leaders of the Soviet and U.S. governments is established to mitigate the risk of accidental warfare. Nations may remain in a treaty while seeking to break the limits of that treaty as opposed to simply withdrawing from it. A NATO air-defense base in the Czech Republic. The Limited Test Ban Treaty reflects growing international concerns about the dangers of a nuclear fallout. This book uses an eight-point analytical framework to examine five post-Cold War arms control treaty ratification debates in order to try and determine what political conditions or variables account for their success or failure. The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between the United States and Soviet Union in the late 1960s/early 1970s led to further weapons control agreements. The church used its position as a trans-national organization to limit the means of warfare. Nevertheless, arms control is a defensive strategy in principle, since transparency, equality, and stability do not fit into an offensive strategy. Other than stability, arms control comes with cost reduction and damage limitation. In early August, American warplanes drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing more than one hundred thousand Japanese people. While arms control treaties are seen by many peace proponents as a key tool against war, by the participants, they are often seen simply as ways to limit the high costs of the development and building of weapons, and even reduce the costs associated with war itself. The Hague, 18 October 1907", "Arms Control and Disarmament - Between the world wars, 1919–1939", "Seiitsu Tachibana, "Much ado about something : The factors that induced Reagan and Gorbachev to conclude the INF Treaty, "Articles of the Chemical Weapons Convention", "Nuclear Testing Is an Acceptable Risk for Arms Control", "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies", "Disarmament:The Biological Weapons Convention", "Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II)", "Cluster bomb treaty reaches ratification, UN says", "Don't play politics with new START treaty", "Key Senate committee passes nuclear arms treaty", "Arms Treaty With Russia Headed for Ratification", "South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone (SPNFZ) Treaty Treaty of Rarotonga", "Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone Bangkok,Thailand 15 December 1995", "Central Asian States Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone Despite U.S. Opposition", "Draft Fissile Material (Cutoff) Treaty, or FM(C)T", "A-RES-59-86 General Assembly Resolution 59/86", Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements, National Counterproliferation Center - Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute's Research on Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arms_control&oldid=1041405351, Articles needing additional references from August 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Eloranta, Jari. However, the project is delayed for various reasons, including Russian concerns about U.S. missile defense research, and it never materializes. According to a 2020 study in the American Political Science Review, arms control is rare because successful arms control agreements involve a difficult trade-off between transparency and security. The Soviets favor a strict interpretation of the ABM treaty that confines research and development to laboratories, while the United States argues for a broad interpretation allowing the development and testing of space-based missile defense technology. Ambassador Llewellyn E. Thompson, left, signs the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty as Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei A. Gromyko watches in Moscow on July 1, 1968. Jose Lopez Jr./Department of Defense, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). A turning point for the negotiations came after Gorbachev, in a shift from his Reykjavik posture, agreed to de-link the INF from broader strategic talks, which included Soviet efforts to inhibit U.S. development of the SDI. During Group of Eight (G8) summit talks in Germany in June, Putin proposes jointly developing a missile shield based on radar facilities in southern Russia and Azerbaijan. Only India, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, and South Sudan remain outside the treaty—the first four of which possess or are suspected to possess nuclear weapons. ... Other treaties such as the START 1 treaty in 1991 and the New START treaty in 2011 aimed to further reduce both nations’ ballistic weapons capabilities. Arms control refers to international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. Scholars and practitioners such as John Steinbruner, Jonathan Dean or Stuart Croft worked extensively on the theoretical backing of arms control. The development of firearms led to an increase in the devastation of war. Control Arms is looking for a Program Manager (Full-Time/Temporary) and an ATT Monitor Researcher (Full-Time). This book provides a framework for an effective arms control strategy in a new age of international security. The treaty was signed between France and The Holy Roman Empire. Arms control and nonproliferation efforts are two of the tools that have occasionally been used to implement U.S. national security strategy. [21], The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention was signed banning the manufacture and use of chemical weapons.[22]. Why? The COVID-19 pandemic has presented new challenges to disarmament and arms control and has obliged governments and other stakeholders to experiment with new approaches and mechanisms. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty was signed between the United States and Soviet Union in 1987 and ratified in 1988, leading to an agreement to destroy all missiles with ranges from 500 to 5,500 kilometers. As their geopolitical rivalry heats up, the United States and Soviet Union race to develop the next class of weapons, known as thermonuclear, or hydrogen, bombs. The SALT II talks started in 1972 leading to agreement in 1979. To openly defy an agreement, even if one withdraws from it, often is seen in a bad light politically and can carry diplomatic repercussions. The IAEA’s first safeguards for civilian nuclear facilities are established in 1961. As its rationale, the Trump administration alleges that Russia has been abusing the agreement for years. Arms control is a term for international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. "Sixth edition of a publication originally issued in 1972"--Forward. This anthology presents the complete text of thirty-four treaties that have effectively contained the spread of nuclear, biological, and conventional weapons during the Cold War and beyond. Moscow also begins arming and abetting pro-Russia separatists in southeastern Ukraine. In early 1960, France conducts its first test, becoming the world’s fourth nuclear power. The director of the Soviet A-bomb project, Yuliy Khariton, and RDS-1, the Soviet Union’s first atomic bomb. The opening session of the International Atomic Energy Agency’s General Conference in Vienna on October 1, 1957. Discussions on a treaty began at the United Nations in 1959. The move angers Russia, which views U.S. foreign policy in the aftermath of 9/11 with increasing concern. Unanimously approved by more than eighty countries, the IAEA’s charter outlines a three-part mission: nuclear verification and security, safety, and technology transfer. Below you will find information on treaties, organizations, and regimes relating to disarmament, arms control, and nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction. After the World War I, the League of Nations was set up which attempted to limit and reduce arms. Today, 190 countries are party to the NPT, making it the most widely adhered-to arms control agreement. The SALT I talks led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an Interim Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement (see SALT I), both in 1972. Despite their failure to reach an agreement at Reykjavik, the measures discussed pave the way for subsequent nuclear diplomacy. In the 8th and 9th centuries AD, swords and chain mail armor manufactured in the Frankish empire were highly sought after for their quality, and Charlemagne (r. 768–814), made their sale or export to foreigners illegal, punishable by forfeiture of property or even death. In November, the United States withdraws from the Treaty on Open Skies. Usually, when a nation no longer desires to abide by the terms, they usually will seek to either covertly circumvent the terms or to simply end their participation in the treaty. Arms control is meant to break the security dilemma. At the time of its signature, the Treaty's verification regime was the most detailed and stringent in the history of nuclear arms control, designed both to eliminate all declared INF systems entirely within three years of the Treaty's entry into force and to ensure compliance with the total ban on possession and use of these missiles. A Second Hague Conference was called in 1907 leading to additions and amendments to the original 1899 agreement. The Fourth Conference of States Parties to the Arms Trade Treaty is 10 days away. [24][25], In 1998 the United Nations founded the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs UNODA. President Barack Obama looks to set a new tone for U.S. engagement with the world, giving a series of high-profile foreign policy addresses in Prague, Cairo, and Moscow. Soviet testing also produces devastating health effects on nearby residents in Kazakhstan. ACA is a nonpartisan, nonprofit membership organization, and your financial support makes a difference. As part of this effort, Obama says the United States and Russia should “reset” their relationship so they can focus on common challenges, including nuclear nonproliferation, counterterrorism, and the global economic recession. Arms control is a term for international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. (Weeks earlier, the United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon.) This year's conference focuses on gender & gender-based violence (GBV), and explores how the ATT can be used to address it. On July 16, U.S. military researchers conduct the world’s first atomic weapons test in Los Alamos, New Mexico, a culmination of the top-secret Manhattan Project. Gorbachev and Reagan sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, agreeing to eliminate by 1991 their countries’ arsenals of ground-launched, midrange nuclear missiles (ranging from about 300 to 3,400 miles). The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) was signed on July 31, 1991 by President George H.W. The authors of this book explore the problems of arms competition in the 1980s and stress the need for a complete reassessment of U.S. security interests lest negotiations become curiously disconnected from defense policy. The U.S. NRRC “exchanges thousands of time-sensitive notifications a year under a multitude of arms control treaties and agreements such as the New START Treaty and is a key resource for the promotion of transparency and stability that enhances confidence and directly contributes to our national security interests.” Nonstrategic Nuclear Arms Control Measures Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty Signed Dec. 8, 1987, the INF Treaty required the United States and the Soviet Union to verifiably eliminate all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers. The ATT Working Group Meetings and First Informal Preparatory Meeting for the Seventh Conference of States Parties (CSP7) took place virtually, from 26 – 30 April 2021, providing the first opportunity for interactive engagement on issues related to the Arms Trade Treaty since February 2020. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1996 banning all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes, but it has not entered into force due to the non-ratification of eight specific states. Here are 10 compelling reasons to tackle diversion: Click each image to send a tweet and help #StopDiversion 1.... ATT States Parties must halt all arms sales to Israel to protect civilians in Gaza, First Round of ATT CSP7 Preparatory Meetings held Virtually, Disarmament decisions in the time of COVID-19 Panel Event – 11 March 2021, 10 Facts on Gender & Gender-Based Violence ahead of CSP5, UN Security Council high-level debate sheds light on the African continent’s future, 10 Reasons to Tackle Diversion at the CSP 2018. However, states are often reluctant to submit to such inspections when they have reasons to fear that the inspectors will use the inspections to gather information about the capabilities of the state, which could be used in a future conflict.[13]. The treaty limited the number of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and nuclear warheads either country could possess. President Reagan addresses the nation on March 23, 1983. This book is about the role of international law in the arms control process. Verification is the process of determining whether or not a nation is complying with the terms of an agreement, and involves a combination of release of such information by participants[9] as well as some way to allow participants to examine each other to verify that information. Former U.S. President Reagan on Potsdamer Platz in East Berlin on September 12, 1990. Meanwhile, Washington’s rapprochement with Beijing during the decade stuns Soviet leadership, whose own relations with Mao Zedong’s communist regime had frayed. On March 8, President Reagan gives a speech in which he refers to the Soviet Union as an “evil empire,” and warns against “appeasement” and “the so-called nuclear freeze solutions proposed by some.” In a March 23 address, he announces a Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to create a space-based ballistic missile shield that could protect against a Soviet nuclear attack. This year, our goal is to create stronger barriers against diversion. Stronger barriers against diversion strategic arms Reduction Treaty ( CSP7 ) took place from 26 – August... On March 23, 1983 the strategic arms Reduction Treaty in Moscow on January 3, 1993 play in arms! Armed groups are reported to have killed 12 people is looking for a program Manager Full-Time/Temporary! 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